Depending upon its formation, and if it is wide enough, a unit can claim a Rank Bonus of +1 for each extra rank behind the first, up to the maximum determined by its troop type. How many models a rank must contain to claim a Rank Bonus, as well as the maximum Rank Bonus a unit can claim, is determined by its troop type.
Note that this bonus can be claimed for an incomplete rear rank, as long as there are sufficient models in it. However, a Disrupted unit cannot claim a Rank Bonus.